In 1972, no one dreamed a dry, 37-word clause tucked inside a new education legislation would have such a profound impact. A half century later, it’s time to reflect on how far the quest for equality has come—and where it still has to go.

A Yahoo Sports analysis of 2020-21 data found that over 80% of Division I schools did not offer women participation opportunities that were “substantially proportional” to their presence in the student body — the primary prong of Title IX’s core compliance test.

The purpose of this study was to examine changes to the budgets of women’s athletics, men’s basketball, and football when an NCAA Division I intercollegiate men’s team was eliminated. Stakeholder theory provided the theoretical framework for the study. Central to the research was the relationship between the elimination of men’s teams and Title IX.

Shortly after President Gerald Ford approved Title IX’s application to collegiate sports in 1975, the Detroit Free Press published an interview with Don Canham, the University of Michigan’s athletic director. “I’m furious. I’m more than upset because it’s so absolutely stupid,” he said. “I’ve been to Washington. I hate to count the times I’ve been to Washington on Title IX. I just can’t quite comprehend something this ridiculous being shoved down our throats.”

In addition to these popular cultural icons, various statutes and public policies have been implemented to prevent discrimination, level playing fields, and ensure inclusion. Legal protections have generated increased interest among young student athletes. While race
and gender discrimination have been challenged by advances in athletics, disability discrimination remains mostly untouched by this historic means of social change.

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Beneath the boiling surface of college athletics, where conference realignment is a polite way of describing a shark feeding frenzy for TV revenue, colleges and universities have been busy cutting teams.

Title IX is designed to protect students from discrimination based on sex in any educational institution that receives financial assistance. This article focuses on Title IX as it applies to high school athletic programs by considering the trial of a high school district in California. A federal court found considerable inequalities between boys and girls athletic teams in the district. While this case may not be representative of a majority of school districts, it does provide guidance to ensure compliance.

This article argues that allowing NCAA athletes to benefit from their NIL rights will further effectuate the plain language and intent of Title IX and its 1979 Policy Interpretation by giving women’s sport athletes the ability to generate more equal publicity for their athletic efforts.

On Title IX’s 50th anniversary, this report highlights progress for girls and women in athletics and depicts areas that need improvement. With an emphasis on both gender and race/ethnicity, the report brings together multiple research findings that focus on participation opportunities, resource allocations and leadership positions at NCAA member schools. To achieve the goal of increased quality opportunities and advancement for women as participants and leaders in intercollegiate athletics, it is essential to know the data about women as student-athletes, coaches and administrators.

To clarify the athletic requirements contained in the Title IX regulation, a Policy Interpretation was issued to provide colleges and universities with more guidance on how to comply with the law.

Taken as a collection, this special issue affirms the continuing need for greater governmental and institutional accountability for systemic Title IX non-compliance that perpetuates the second-class status of women within the college sport system. Moving into the future, more informed equity strategies that recognize intersectionality between race and gender will be critical to creating more inclusive environments in college and university athletic programs.

Title IX protects people from discrimination based on sex in education programs or activities that receive federal financial assistance. Title IX states: No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.

The passage of Title IX, the 1972 Education Amendments to the Civil Rights Act, expanded high school athletic opportunities to include girls, revolutionizing mass sports participation in the United States. This paper analyzes high school athletic participation in the United States and how sports offerings for boys and girls changed subsequent to the passage of this legislation.

A national debate currently rages over whether transgender athletes should be permitted to compete on sports teams that correspond to their gender identities. Title IX applies to any higher education institution that receives federal financial assistance and prohibits discrimination on the basis of gender, but the law does not address transgender students.

The scope, purpose, and discrimination examples of Title IX.

In June 2022, the nation celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of Title IX. This landmark legislation, part of the Education Amendments of 1972,2
continues to have a huge impact, especially on colleges and universities, across efforts to counter harassment and discrimination based on sex.