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General Format of Footnotes/Endnotes
- Note numbers should begin with “1.” and follow consecutively throughout a given paper.
- In the text:
- Note numbers are superscripted.
- Note numbers should be placed at the end of the clause or sentence to which they refer and should be placed after all punctuation, except for the dash.
- In the notes themselves:
- Note numbers are full-sized, not raised, and followed by a period.
- Lines within a footnote should be formatted flush left. Place commentary after source documentation when a footnote contains both; separate commentary and documentation by a period.
- In parenthetical citation, separate documentation from brief commentary with a semicolon.
- If you cite the same source more than once on the same page, you don't have to write out a full note again. Instead, you can use a shortened note with the basic information:
- Example of a full note: 1. Zadie Smith, Swing Time (New York: Penguin Press, 2016), 315–16.
- Example of a shortened note for the same source: 2. Smith, Swing Time, 320.